The Gathering of Birds, Habiballah de Sava
#1 - The Gathering of Birds

SHÂHNÂMEH · POETRY · SAFAVIDES · QAJARS

Iranian and Persian painting: 100 essential paintings

Six centuries of images between epic, mystical, court and portrait

Persian painting is neither a format nor a school. These hundred works run through the epic manuscripts of the Book of Kings, the visions of Attâr and Nizami, the isolated figures of Reza Abbasi, the Safavid opening to European models and the monumentality of Qajar portraits.

100distinct paintings
20painters and workshops represented
100shopify images and links
EpicRostam, Simorgh and sovereigns
Poetrylove, wisdom and mystical quest
Courtsafavid albums and Qajar portraits

A tradition of scholarly painting

From the illuminated page to the large courtyard canvas

The word Persian here designates a visual and literary tradition developed in the Iranian space and disseminated well beyond its borders. Painted in opaque watercolor, ink and gold, miniatures are not simple illustrations: they interpret the text, organize the time of the story and transform each page into an autonomous world.

In Persian painting, the text opens the story; color, architecture and landscape give it a second life.

From the 14th to the 16th century, the various Books of Kings gave shape to the heroes and political dilemmas of the Iranian epic. Under the Safavids, the album sheet favored isolated figures, conversations and observation. At 19th century, the Qajars adapted oil on canvas, large format and European modeling without renouncing frontality or decorative power.

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One hundred Persian and Iranian paintings to know

I
Attâr, Reza Abbasi and the images that have become emblematic

The Gathering of Birds and The Lovers open the route with two masterpieces where spiritual quest and intimacy completely renew Persian painting.

The Gathering of Birds, Habiballah de Sava#1
Poetry and mystical stories 

The Gathering of Birds

Date ca. 1600 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 10 in. (25.4 cm) W. 4 1/2in. (11.4cm) Page: H. 13 in. (33 cm) W. 8 3/16 in. (20.8 cm) Matte: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

In Attâr's mystical poem, the birds go to seek their ruler, the Simorgh, before discovering that he is a reflection of their own community. Habiballah transforms this spiritual revelation into a mountain rustling with wings, rocks and conversations.

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The Lovers, Reza Abbasi#2
Safavid albums and figures 

The lovers

Date dated 1039 AH/1630 CE Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 6 7/8 in. (17.5 cm) W. 4 3/8 in. (11.1 cm) Page: H. 7 1/2 in. (19.5 cm) W. 4 3/8 in. (11.1 cm) Page: H. 7 1/2 in. (19.1 cm) W. 4 3/8 in. (11.1 cm) Page: H. 7 1/2 in. (19.1 cm) W. 4 3/8 in. (11.1 cm) Page: H. H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Reza Abbasi tightens two bodies in an embrace that almost abolishes space. The curved lines, intertwined hands and gold in the background make intimacy a self-contained subject, far from the big traditional court scenes.

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II
The Shâhnâmeh of Shah Tahmasp

Twenty-three pages of an exceptional Safavid manuscript show how painters and workshops transform Ferdowsi's epic into a theater of color, power and destiny.

Tahmuras defeats demons, Sultan Muhammad#3
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Tahmuras defeats demons

Date ca. 1525 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 11 1/8 (28.3 cm) W. 7 5/16 in. (18.6 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 1/2 in. (47 cm) W. 12 5/8 in. (32.1 cm) Matte: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Tahmuras subdues demons, but grants them life when they promise to teach him writing. The miniature thus combines royal victory and the birth of knowledge, in a whirlwind of fantastic creatures, weapons and colors.

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The Feast of Sadeh, Sultan Muhammad#4
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

The Feast of Sadeh

Date ca. 1525 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 9 1/2 in. (24.1 cm) W. 9 1/16 in. (23 cm) Page: H. 18 1/2 in. (47 cm) W.12 1/2 in. (31.8 cm) Matte: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

This winter festival commemorates the discovery of fire by King Houchang. The blaze becomes the luminous center of a cosmic meeting where courtyard, landscape and mountain together celebrate human mastery of a natural force.

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The Parable of Ferdowsi's Ship of Shiism, Mirza Ali#5
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

The Parable of Ferdowsi's Ship of Shiism

Date ca. 1530 -35 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 12 1/2 in. (31.7 cm) W. 8 15/16 in. (22.7 cm) Page: H. 18 1/2 in. (22.7 cm) W.12 1/2 in. (31.8 cm) Matte: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The ship that carries the Prophet, Ali and their descendants condenses a profession of faith on the threshold of the Book of Kings. Mirza Ali organizes the allegory like a sacred arch advancing in the middle of a carefully ordered mineral and marine world.

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Roudabeh makes her hair a ladder, Qadimi#6
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Roudabeh makes her hair a ladder

Date ca. 1525 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 11 in. (27.9 cm) W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4 cm) Page: H. 18 1/2 in. (47.9 cm) W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4 cm) Page: H. 18 1/2 in. (47 cm) W. 12 1/4 in. (31.1 cm) Matte: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Roudabeh drops her long hair from the tower so Zal can join her. The scene transforms a forbidden romantic encounter into a vertical feat: architecture, garden and black locks guide the gaze towards the two lovers.

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Kay Kavus rises into the sky, Qadimi#7
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Kay Kavus rises into the sky

Date ca. 1525 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 11 3/16 in. (28.4 cm) W. 7 3/16 in. (18.3 cm) Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (47.3 cm) W. 12 9/16 in. (31.9 cm) Matte: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The king attaches eagles to his throne to reach the sky, but his excessive ambition causes him to fall. The composition suspends the strange machine above the landscape and makes the episode a spectacular fable about the pride of power.

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The Fight of Rostam and Ashkabus, Mirza Mohammad Qabahat#8
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

The Fight of Rostam and Ashkabus

Date ca. 1525 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 9 3/8 in. (23.8 cm) W. 7 5/8 in. (19.4 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (47.8 cm) W. 7 5/8 in. (19.4 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (47.3 cm) W. 12 5/8 in. (32.1 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Rostam confronts Rider Ashkabus on foot and shoots him down with an arrow before he can enjoy his mount. The miniature contrasts the monumental stability of the hero with the scattered speed of the battlefield.

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Third test of Esfandiyar: the dragon, Qasim ibn Ali#9
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Esfandiyar's third test: the dragon

Date ca. 1530 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 11 in. (27.9 cm) W. 10 5/16 in. (26.2 cm) Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (26.2 cm) W. 10 5/16 in. (26.2 cm) Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (26.2 cm) W. 12 1/2 in. (31.8 cm) Matt: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

To pass his third test, Esfandiyar hides blades in a cart and draws the dragon against them. The monster occupies the landscape like a living mountain, while the hero imposes order through ingenuity as much as through force.

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Rostam kills Esfandiyar, Qasim ibn Ali#10
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Rostam kills Esfandiyar

Date ca. 1525 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 7 3/4 in. (19.7 cm) W. 6 11/16 in. (17 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (47.3 cm) W. 12 5/8 in. (32.1 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Guided by the Simorgh, Rostam strikes Esfandiyar's invulnerable eyes with a tamarisk arrow. The tragic duel does not celebrate a simple victory: it shows two heroes condemned by honor, royalty and a destiny already announced.

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Zahhak learns his destiny, Sultan Muhammad#11
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Zahhak learns his destiny

Date ca. 1524 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 7 3/8 in. (18.7 cm) W. 12 15/16 in. (32.9 cm) Page: H. 12 9/16 in. (32.9 cm) Page: H. 12 9/16 in. (32.9 cm) W. 18 1/2 in. (47 cm) Matte: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The tyrant Zahhak hears that Faridoun will end his reign. The image transforms the prophecy into a political crisis: the sovereign remains in the center of the palace, but the tension of gestures and looks reveals that his power is already cracked.

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Rostam leads the Demon King before Kay Kavus, Mir Mossaver#12
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Rostam leads the Demon King before Kay Kavus

Date ca. 1525 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 11 3/16 in. (28.4 cm) W. 7 1/8 in. (18.1 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (28.4 cm) W. 7 1/8 in. (18.1 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (47.3 cm) W. 12 9/16 in. (31.9 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

After freeing Kay Kavus, Rostam brings the leader of the demons before the king for his judgment. The opposition between the ordained court and the captive creature materializes the return of a chaotic world under royal authority.

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Siyavush accused by Sudabeh in front of Kay Kavus, Abd al-Wahhab#13
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Siyavush accused by Sudabeh in front of Kay Kavus

Date ca. 1530 -35 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 11 in. (27.9 cm) W. 7 3/8 in. (18.7 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (47.9 cm) W. 7 3/8 in. (18.7 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (47.9 cm) W. 7 3/8 in. (18.7 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (47.3 cm) W. 12 5/8 in. (32.1 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Sudabeh accuses Siyavush after being pushed back by him, placing Kay Kavus between desire, filiation and justice. Architecture compartmentalizes the scene as an intimate tribunal where speech threatens more than weapons.

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The Marriage of Siyavush and Farangis, Qasim ibn Ali#14
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

The Marriage of Siyavush and Farangis

Date ca. 1525 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 11 3/8 in. (28.9 cm) W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4 cm) Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (47.3 cm) W. 12 5/8 in. (32.1 cm) Matte: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The union of Siyavush and Farangis promises a reconciliation between the Iranian and Touranian worlds. The palace decor, fabrics and ceremonial nevertheless give this harmony a particular gravity, because the story will soon lead to the murder of the prince.

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The Night Battle of Kay Khosrow and Afrasiyab, Bashdan Qara#15
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

The Night Battle of Kay Khosrow and Afrasiyab

Date ca. 1525 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 12 1/8 in. (30.8 cm) W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 9/16 in. (47.1 cm) W. 12 9/16 in. (31.9 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The war between Kay Khosrow and Afrasiyab continues in the dark, when ordinary landmarks disappear. Torches, horses and armor fragment the fray; the night transforms the epic into an experience of collective disorientation.

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Sixth Esfandiyar test: crossing the snows, Abd al-Wahhab#16
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Sixth Esfandiyar test: crossing the snow

Date ca. 1525 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 11 1/8 in. (28.2 cm) W. 7 7/16 in. (18.9 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 9/16 in. (18.9 cm) W. 7 7/16 in. (18.9 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 9/16 in. (47.1 cm) W. 12 11/16 in. (32.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Esfandiyar and his men advance in a storm that erases paths and reliefs. White is not a decorative void: it becomes the main adversary, a hostile material that the troop must cross before reaching its goal.

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Rostam avenges his imminent death, Bashdan Qara#17
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Rostam avenges his imminent death

Date ca. 1525 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 6 in. (15.2 cm) W. 6 7/8 in. (17.5 cm) Page: H. 18 11/16 in. (47.5 cm) W. 12 5/8 in. (32.1 cm) Matte: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Mortally wounded by his half-brother Shaghad's trap, Rostam gathers his last strength and pierces him through a tree. Revenge coincides with the hero's agony, giving the final feat violence without triumph.

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Zal consults the wise men, Sultan Muhammad#18
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Zal consults the mages

Date ca. 1530 -35 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 11 1/16 in. (28.1 cm) W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 9/16 in. (28.1 cm) W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 9/16 in. (47.1 cm) W. 12 1/2 in. (31.8 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Before his marriage to Roudabeh, Zal asks the wise men to interpret the signs and confirm the future of their lineage. The consultation gives a visual form to doubt: scholarly speech frames a destiny from which Rostam will be born.

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The Sharing of the Loot by Kay Khosrow, Aqa Mirak#19
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

The Sharing of Kay Khosrow's Loot

Date ca. 1530 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 9 5/16 in. (23.7 cm) W. 10 7/16 in. (26.5 cm) Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (26.5 cm) W. 12 1/2 in. (31.8 cm) Matte: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The war prizes are presented in front of Kay Khosrow then promised to the warriors according to their rank. The profusion of objects, horses and servants not only celebrates wealth: it depicts the political economy of loyalty.

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Bijan receives the invitation from Manijeh, Abd al-Wahhab#20
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Bijan receives Manijeh's invitation

Date ca. 1525 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 12 5/8 in. (32.1 cm) W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 11/16 in. (47.5 cm) W. 10 5/8 in. (27 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Manijeh's nanny secretly invites Bijan to join the princess, shifting the heroic adventure towards the love story. The measured gestures and the orderly garden conceal a decision that will lead to captivity, rescue and reconciliation.

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Zal kills Khazarvan, Abd al-Wahhab#21
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Zal kills Khazarvan

Date ca. 1525 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 11 1/16 in. (28.1 cm) W. 7 3/16 in. (18.3 cm) Page: H. 18 9/16 in. (47.1 cm) W. 12 7/16 in. (31.6 cm) Matte: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Zal faces Khazarvan in a duel that establishes his worth before the great exploits of his son Rostam. The confrontation isolates the adversaries in the middle of an attentive landscape, as if nature itself recorded the birth of a heroic lineage.

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Drunk Iranian camp attacked at night, Qadimi#22
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Drunk Iranian Camp attacked at night

Date ca. 1525 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 11 1/8 in. (28.2 cm) W. 9 1/8 in. (23.2 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 11/16 in. (28.2 cm) W. 9 1/8 in. (23.2 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 11/16 in. (47.5 cm) W. 12 5/8 in. (32.1 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Taking advantage of the drunkenness of the Iranian camp, the enemies launch a night attack. The disorder of tents, sleepers and horsemen reverses the codes of heroic battle: collective imprudence makes bravery almost useless.

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Goshtasp proves his skill at the bow in front of Caesar, Abd al-Aziz#23
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Goshtasp proves his skill at the bow before Caesar

Date ca. 1525 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 10 5/8 in. (27 cm) W. 8 9/16 in. (21.7 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 11/16 in. (21.7 cm) W. 12 5/8 in. (32.1 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Exiled to Caesar's court, Goshtasp reveals his heroic identity through an archery test. The bow here becomes a diplomatic language: the precision of the gesture restores the prince's rank better than a speech.

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Fourth test of Esfandiyar: the witch, Qasim ibn Ali#24
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Fourth test of Esfandiyar: the witch

Date ca. 1525 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 7 3/16 in. (18.3 cm) W. 7 1/16 in. (18 cm) Page: H. 18 11/16 in. (18.3 cm) W. 7 1/16 in. (18 cm) Page: H. 18 11/16 in. (47.5 cm) W. 12 5/8 in. (32.1 cm) Matte: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The witch appears as an attractive young woman before Esfandiyar reveals her true nature. The painting plays on metamorphosis, opposing the mask of desire to the vigilance of the hero.

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Faramarz surrounded in his fight against Bahman, Aqa Mirak#25
Shâhnâmeh by Shah Tahmasp 

Faramarz surrounded in his fight against Bahman

Date ca. 1530 -35 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 10 1/16 in. (25.5 cm) W. 9 7/16 in. (24 cm) Entire Page: H. 18 5/8 in. (47.3 cm) W. 12 5/8 in. (32.1 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Faramarz resists Bahman's army in a composition that gradually closes the space around him. The density of the horsemen makes the inevitable defeat felt, while retaining a moral stature for the isolated hero.

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III
The ancient Books of Kings

From the little Shâhnâmeh of the 14th century to the Timurid versions, the vocabulary of the epic is built around combat, wisdom, justice and loss.

Zal in the Simorgh's nest, Anonymous Persian workshop#26
Books of Kings 

Zal in the Simorgh's nest

Date ca. 1330 -40 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 8 in. (20.3 cm) W. 5 1/8 in. (13 cm) Painting: H. 3 3/16 in. (8.1 cm) W. 5 1/8 in. (13 cm) Painting: H. 3 3/16 in. (8.1 cm) W. 2 3/16 in. (13 cm) Painting: H. 3 3/16 in. (8.1 cm) W. 2 3/16 in. (13 cm) Painting: H. 3 3/1 

Abandoned because his hair is white, the child Zal is taken in by the Simorgh on the top of a mountain. The little human figure, protected in the nest of the fabulous bird, makes the difference the origin of an exceptional destiny.

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Rostam captures Rakhsh with a lasso, Anonymous Persian Workshop#27
Books of Kings 

Rostam captures Rakhsh lassoing

Date ca. 1330 -40 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 1 11/16 in. (4.3 cm) W. 4 3/16 in. (10.6 cm) Page: H. 8 in. (20.3 cm) W. 5 1/8 in. (13 cm) Matt: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Among the herds, Rostam chooses Rakhsh, the only horse capable of supporting his strength, and masters him with a lasso. The circle of the rope unites the hero with his future epic companion rather than signaling a simple capture.

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Rostam kills the White Demon, Anonymous Persian Workshop#28
Books of Kings 

Rostam kills the White Demon

Date ca. 1330 -40 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 8 1/16 in. (20.5 cm) W. 5 1/4 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 15/16 (4.9 cm) W. 4 5/16 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 15/16 (4.9 cm) W. 4 5/16 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 15/16 (4.9 cm) W. 4 5/16 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 15/16 (4 

At the end of his seven trials, Rostam defeats the White Demon in order to heal Kay Kavus and his blinded warriors. The fight in the cave concentrates the epic in a brutal confrontation between human body and monstrous power.

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Rostam thrown into the sea by the demon Akvan, Anonymous Persian Workshop#29
Books of Kings 

Rostam thrown into the sea by the demon Akvan

Date ca. 1330 -40 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 1 7/8 in. (4.8 cm) W. 4 1/4 in. (10.8 cm) Page: H. 8 in. (20.3 cm) W. 5 5/16 in. (13.5 cm) Matt: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The demon Akvan lifts Rostam up and asks him if he would rather be thrown into the mountain or into the sea. Understanding that the demon will do the opposite of his answer, the hero skillfully chooses the mountain and survives the waves.

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Kay Khosrow kills Afrasiyab, Anonymous Persian Workshop#30
Books of Kings 

Kay Khosrow kills Afrasiyab

Date ca. 1330 -40 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 8 1/16 in. (20.5 cm) W. 5 3/16 in. (13.2 cm) Painting: H. 1 15/16 in. (4.9 cm) W. 4 5/16 in. (13.2 cm) Painting: H. 1 15/16 in. (4.9 cm) W. 4 5/16 in. (13.2 cm) Painting: H. 1 15/16 in. (4.9 cm) W. 4 5/16 in. (13.2 cm) Painting: H. 1 1 

After a long war, Kay Khosrow executes Afrasiyab to avenge the murder of her father Siyavush. The scene ends a cycle of prosecutions and reprisals, but the solemnity of the gesture prevents any jubilant reading.

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Fifth Esfandiyar test: the Simorgh, Anonymous Persian Workshop#31
Books of Kings 

Fifth Esfandiyar test: the Simorgh

Date ca. 1330 -40 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 7 13/16 in. (19.8 cm) W. 5 3/8 in. (13.6 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 (4.8 cm) W. 4 1/8 in. (13.6 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 (4.8 cm) W. 4 1/8 in. (13.6 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 (4.8 cm) W. 4 1/8 in. (13.6 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 (4.8 cm) W. 4 1 

Esfandiyar confronts a gigantic Simorgh using a chariot bristling with blades. The episode distinguishes this hostile bird from Zal's protector: the same fabulous creature can embody rescue or threat depending on the story.

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Alexander before the Brahmins, Anonymous Persian Workshop#32
Books of Kings 

Alexander before the Brahmins

Date ca. 1330 -40 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 8 1/16 in. (20.5 cm) W. 4 7/8 in. (12.4 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 in. (4.7 cm) W. 4 7/8 in. (12.4 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 in. (4.7 cm) W. 4 7/8 in. (12.4 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 in. (4.7 cm) W. 4 7/8 in. (12.4 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 in. (4.7 cm 

Alexander meets Indian sages who have renounced material goods. Their stripping places the conqueror before another form of power, based on self-control rather than the extent of territories.

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Alexander converses with the mountain bird, Anonymous Persian Workshop#33
Books of Kings 

Alexander converses with the mountain bird

Date ca. 1330 -40 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 8 1/16 in. (20.5 cm) W. 5 1/4 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 in. (4.7 cm) W. 5 1/4 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 in. (4.7 cm) W. 5 1/4 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 in. (4.7 cm) W. 4 1/4 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 in. (4.7 cm 

On top of a mountain, a wonderful bird warns Alexander of the limits of his enterprise. The dialogue between sovereign and creature transforms the expedition into a quest for knowledge, where the inaccessible resists conquest.

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Alexander's Funeral, Anonymous Persian Workshop#34
Books of Kings 

Alexander's Funeral

Date ca. 1330 -40 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 8 1/16 in. (20.5 cm) W. 5 1/4 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 3/4 in. (4.4 cm) W. 3 1/4 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 3/4 in. (4.4 cm) W. 3 1/4 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 3/4 in. (4.4 cm) W. 3 1/4 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 3/4 in. (4.4 cm 

Alexander's remains bring together those whom his conquests had dispersed. The funeral ceremony brings the king's universal ambition back to the vulnerability of a body, while the assembly measures the end of a political world.

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The Execution of Mazdak, Anonymous Persian Workshop#35
Books of Kings 

The Execution of Mazdak

Date ca. 1330 -40 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 8 1/16 in. (20.5 cm) W. 5 1/4 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 5/8 in. (4.1 cm) W. 5 1/4 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 5/8 in. (4.1 cm) W. 4 5/16 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 5/8 in. (4.1 cm) W. 4 5/16 in. (13.3 cm) Painting: H. 1 5/8 in. (4. 

Reformer Mazdak and his supporters are massacred on the orders of Prince Khosrow. The almost regular organization of violence makes the scene more worrying: power transforms repression into a state spectacle.

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Bozorgmehr masters the game of chess, Anonymous Persian Workshop#36
Books of Kings 

Bozorgmehr masters the game of chess

Date ca. 1330 -40 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Entire Page: H. 8 1/16 (20.5 cm) W. 4 7/8 in. (12.4 cm) Painting: H. 3 1/8 in. (8 cm) W. 4 in. (10.2 cm) Matte: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Frame: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 17 in. (36.2 cm) Frame: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 17 in. (43.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Bozorgmehr understands the rules of chess sent from India as a diplomatic enigma. The intelligence of the vizier protects the honor of the Persian court; the miniature board thus becomes a real political battlefield.

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Bahram Tchoubine meets the woman who predicts her destiny, Anonymous Persian Workshop#37
Books of Kings 

Bahram Tchoubine meets the woman who predicts her destiny

Date ca. 1330 -40 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 8 in. (20.3 cm) W. 5 1/4 in. (13.4 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 in. (4.8 cm) W. 5 1/4 in. (13.4 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 in. (4.8 cm) W. 4 5/16 in. (13.4 cm) Painting: H. 1 7/8 in. (4.8 cm) W. 4 5/16 in. (10.9 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

A woman announces to Bahram Tchoubine her imminent glory then her fall. The encounter suspends the warrior's movement: instead of a fight, the image shows the moment when the future imposes itself on the one who thought he had mastered it.

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Bozorgmehr explains backgammon to the raja of India, Anonymous Persian Workshop#38
Books of Kings 

Bozorgmehr explains backgammon to Indian raja

Date ca. 1300 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Text block: H. 6 1/8 in. (15.6 cm) W. 4 15/16 in. (12.5 cm) Painting: H. 2 3/16 in. (12.5 cm) Painting: H. 2 3/16 in. (12.5 cm) Painting: H. 2 3/16 in. (12.5 cm) Painting: H. 2 3/16 in. (12.5 cm) Painting: H. 2 3/16 in. (5.6 cm) W. 4 13/16 in. (12.3 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

After solving the secret of chess, Bozorgmehr invented backgammon and explained the rules to the Indian sovereign. The game becomes an intellectual response as much as a cultural exchange between two rival courts.

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Bahram Gour wrestles at the court of King Shangol, Anonymous Persian Workshop#39
Books of Kings 

Bahram Gour fights at the court of King Shangol

Date ca. 1300 -30 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Text block: H. 6 1/8 in. (15.6 cm) W. 4 13/16 in. (12.3 cm) Painting: H. 2 5/16 in. (12.3 cm) Painting: H. 2 5/16 in. (5.9 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Bahram Gour demonstrates his strength in front of King Shangol by facing an Indian champion. The bodies tied in the center of the court make the struggle a test of political recognition, observed as a ceremonial.

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Esfandiyar's Funeral, Anonymous Persian Workshop#40
Books of Kings 

Esfandiyar Funeral

Date 1330s Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: Ht. 22 13/16 in. (58 cm) W. 15 3/4 in. (40 cm) Matte: Ht. 24 in. (61 cm) W. 19 1/2 in. (49 cm) Matte: Ht. 24 in. (61 cm) W. 19 1/2 in. (49 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Esfandiyar's body returns to his family after his fatal duel against Rostam. The collective lamentation transforms the invulnerable hero into an object of mourning and recalls the human price of royal decisions.

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The Trial of the Fire of Siyavush, Anonymous Persian Workshop#41
Books of Kings 

Siyavush's Trial of Fire

Date dated 887 AH/1482 CE Watercolor and ink technique on paper Original format H. 12 3/16 in. (31 cm) W. 7 15/16 in. (20.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

To prove his innocence in the face of Sudabeh's accusations, Siyavush crosses a huge blaze on horseback. The flame becomes a visible judge: it frames the prince without consuming him and gives the truth a spectacular form.

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Kharrad discovers that the princess is an automaton, Anonymous Persian Workshop#42
Books of Kings 

Kharrad discovers that the princess is an automaton

Date dated 741 AH/1341 CE Watercolor and ink technique on paper Original format Painting and Text Block: H. 11 3/8 in. (28.9 cm) W. 9 1/2 in. (24.1 cm) Page: H. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) W. 11 1/2 in. (29.2) Matt: H. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Kharrad understands that the attractive princess she meets in a wonderful palace is just a mechanism. The episode makes the image itself a trap: beauty, artifice and engineering compete to deceive the eye.

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Bijan slaughters Arman's wild boars, Anonymous Persian Workshop#43
Books of Kings 

Bijan slaughters Arman's wild boars

Date dated 741 AH/1341 CE Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 3 1/2 in. (8.9 cm) W. 9 7/16 in. (24 cm) Page: H. 14 3/8 in. (36.5 cm) W. 9 7/16 in. (24 cm) Page: H. 14 3/8 in. (36.5 cm) W. 11 15/16 in. (24 cm) Page: H. 14 3/8 in. (36.5 cm) W. 11 15/16 in. (24 cm) Page: H. 14 3/8 in. 22 in. (55.9 cm) W. 16 in. (40.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Bijan frees the Arman region from wild boars that destroy crops. The subject combines aristocratic prowess and protection of the rural world; hunting also prepares the hero's meeting with Manijeh.

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Rostam speaks with Esfandiyar, Anonymous Persian Workshop#44
Books of Kings 

Rostam speaks with Esfandiyar

Date dated 741 AH/1341 CE Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting with Text Block: H.11 1/2 in. (29.2 cm) W. 9 1/2 in. (24.1 cm) Page: H.14 5/8 in. (37.1 cm) W. 11 3/4 in. (29.8 cm) Matt: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Before their duel, Rostam and Esfandiyar still try to resolve their conflict through words. The image delays the violence and shows two heroes aware of the trap of honor, yet unable to escape it.

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Siyavush plays polo in front of Afrasiyab, Anonymous Persian Workshop#45
Books of Kings 

Siyavush plays polo in front of Afrasiyab

Date dated 741 AH/1341 CE Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 14 1/2 in. (36.8 cm) W. 11 15/16 in. (30.4 cm) Painting: H. 3 3/8 in. (8.5 cm) W. 11 15/16 in. (30.4 cm) Painting: H. 3 3/8 in. (8.5 cm) W. 9 7/16 in. (24 cm) Text block: H. 11 5/16 in. (28.8 cm) W. 9 5/8 in. (24.5 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

At the Touranian court, Siyavush asserts his valor during a game of polo. The movement of the riders transforms the game into a diplomatic demonstration: grace and equestrian mastery become visible proof of princely rank.

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Yazdegerd I killed by the water horse, Anonymous Persian workshop#46
Books of Kings 

Yazdegerd I killed by the water horse

Date ca. 1300 -30 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 2 1/8 in. (5.4 cm) W. 4 7/8 in. (12.4 cm) Page: H. 14 in. (35.6 cm) W. 10 13/16 in. (27.5 cm) Mat: H. 14 in. (35.6 cm) W. 10 13/16 in. (27.5 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

A mysterious horse emerges from a spring, lets Yazdegerd approach him and then kills him with a hoof. The supernatural apparition gives the king's death the force of a judgment that no human adversary could have pronounced.

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Bahram Gour hunts with Azadeh, Anonymous Persian Workshop#47
Books of Kings 

Bahram Gour hunts with Azadeh

Date dated 753 AH/1352 CE Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 3 3/16 in. (8.1 cm) W. 6 in. (15.2 cm) Page: H. 11 1/2 in. (29.2 cm) W. 8 5/16 in. (21.1 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Azadeh challenges Bahram Gour to perform an impossible shot while hunting; he transforms a male gazelle into a female with his arrows and vice versa. The prince's virtuosity also reveals his cruelty and the ambiguity of the spectacle.

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Elijah and Khizr at the source of life, Anonymous Persian workshop#48
Books of Kings 

Elijah and Khizr at the source of life

Late date 15th century Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Overall: H. 9 in. (22.9 cm) W. 3 9/16 in. (9 cm) Painting: H. 6 1/8 in. (15.5 cm) W. 5 7/8 in. (9 cm) Painting: H. 6 1/8 in. (15.5 cm) W. 5 7/8 in. (14.9 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Elijah and Khizr discover the water that confers immortality, while Alexander searches for it in vain. The dark landscape lights up around the spring, making spiritual knowledge a discreet illumination rather than a conquest.

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The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, Anonymous Persian Workshop#49
Sacred and chronic images 

The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus

Date 1550s Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 23 in. (58.4 cm) W. 17 3/4 in. (45.1 cm) Matte: H. 28 in. (71.1 cm) W. 22 in. (55.9 cm) Frame: H. 30 1/2 in. (77.5 cm) W. 24 1/2 in. (62.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Taking refuge in a cave to escape persecution, seven young believers fall asleep for centuries. The miniature brings together sleep, divine protection and waiting, like an image of time suspended before the resurrection.

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Jonah and the Whale, Anonymous Persian Workshop#50
Sacred and chronic images 

Jonah and the whale

Date ca. 1400 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format H. 13 1/4 in. (33.7 cm) W. 19 1/2 in. (49.5 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Thrown back onto the shore after being swallowed up, Jonah receives a garment from an angel. The monumental fish, the angel and the vulnerable body condense the story of disobedience, trial and mercy.

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IV
Nizami, Attâr, Jami: love and wisdom

Khosrow and Chirine, Bahram Gour, Joseph and Zuleikha or Sheikh Sanan give painting a privileged terrain for exploring desire, trial and spiritual transformation.

Khosrow surprises Chirine in the bath, Anonymous Persian workshop#51
Nizami and the Persian novel 

Khosrow surprises Chirine in the bath

Date 1447 -48 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format H. 10 7/8 in. (27.6 cm) W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Khosrow discovers Chirine bathing in a stream, the founding meeting of their love story. The water, the horse and the eyes organize a scene where desire and restraint remain in balance.

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Sultan Sanjar and the Old Woman, Anonymous Persian Workshop#52
Nizami and the Persian novel 

Sultan Sanjar and the old woman

Date early 16th century Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format H. 11 1/4 in. (28.6 cm) W. 6 3/8 in. (16.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

An old woman reproaches Sultan Sanjar for the injustices committed by his agents. The sovereign on horseback must listen to the one who stands on the edge of power; the miniature transforms individual complaint into a lesson in government.

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Alexander and the Circle of Seven Wise Men, Anonymous Persian Workshop#53
Nizami and the Persian novel 

Alexander and the circle of the seven wise men

Date 15th century Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting and Text Block: H. 8 3/4 in. (22.2 cm) W. 5 5/8 in. (14.3 cm) Page: H.10 15/16 in. (27.8 cm) W. 7 3/4 in. (19.7 cm) Matte: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Alexander brings together seven philosophers to debate the world, power and knowledge. The material circle of scholars offers another image of sovereignty: the king occupies the center because he listens.

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Bahram Gour in the blue pavilion, Anonymous Persian workshop#54
Nizami and the Persian novel 

Bahram Gour in the blue flag

Date early 16th century Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format H. 11 1/4 in. (28.6 cm) W. 6 3/8 in. (16.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Every day, Bahram Gour visits a princess in a pavilion associated with a color and a planet. Wednesday blue transforms architecture, clothing and storytelling into a moral atmosphere ruled by Mercury.

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Bahram Gour demonstrates his hunting skills in front of Fitnah, Anonymous Persian Workshop#55
Nizami and the Persian novel 

Bahram Gour demonstrates his hunting skills in front of Fitnah

Date mid-16th century Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 8 7/8 in. (22.5 cm) W. 6 3/8 in. (16.2 cm) Page: H. 13 1/4 in. (33.7 cm) W. 6 3/8 in. (16.2 cm) Page: H. 13 1/4 in. (33.7 cm) W. 8 1/4 in. (16.2 cm) Page: H. 13 1/4 in. (33.7 cm) W. 8 1/4 in. (16.2 cm) Page: H. 13 1/4 in. (3 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Fitnah refuses to marvel at Bahram Gour's prowess, saying it comes from habit. The hunting spectacle becomes a debate about talent, training and the sovereign's need to be admired.

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Bahram Gour and the princess of the fifth climate, Anonymous Persian workshop#56
Nizami and the Persian novel 

Bahram Gour and the princess of the fifth climate

Late date 17th century Technique Opaque watercolor and gold on paper Original format H. 11 3/4 in. (29.8 cm) W. 7 in. (17.8 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

In the sandalwood pavilion associated with Wednesday, the princess tells Bahram a story given to the color blue. Architecture serves as a sensory framework where poetry, astrology and painting respond to each other.

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The Fable of the Lion and the Hare, Anonymous Persian Workshop#57
Poetry and mystical stories 

The Fable of the Lion and the Hare

Date dated 733 AH/1333 CE Opaque watercolor technique and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 4 1/8 in. (10.5 cm) W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4 cm) Page: H. 13 1/4 in. (33.7 cm) W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4 cm) Page: H. 13 1/4 in. (33.7 cm) W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4 cm) Page: H. 13 1/4 in. (33.7 cm) W. 8 5/8 in. (21.9 cm) Matte: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The hare saves the animals by persuading the lion that its own reflection in a well is a rival. The small scene condenses a lasting political morality: collective intelligence can defeat a tyrannical force.

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Sheikh Sanan under the window of the young Christian, Anonymous Persian Workshop#58
Poetry and mystical stories 

Sheikh Sanan under the window of the young Christian woman

Date ca. 1600 Opaque and gold watercolor technique on paper Original format Painting: H. 2 7/8 in. (7.4 cm) W. 4 1/2 in. (11.4 cm) Page: H. 13 in. (33 cm) W. 8 1/2 in. (21.4 cm) Page: H. 13 in. (33 cm) W. 8 1/2 in. (21.4 cm) Page: H. 13 in. (33 cm) W. 8 1/2 in. (21.4 cm) Page: H. 13 in. (33 cm) W. 8 1/2 in. (21.6 cm) Matte: H W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The old sheikh abandons status and certainties after seeing a young Christian woman in a dream and then under her window. The difference in scale between the lover on the ground and the elevated figure reflects the spiritual test of desire.

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Sheikh Sanan and the young Christian, Anonymous Persian Workshop#59
Poetry and mystical stories 

Sheikh Sanan and the young Christian

Date ca. 1600 Opaque watercolor technique and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 7 3/8 in. (18.7 cm) W. 4 1/2 in. (11.4 cm) Page: H. 12 7/8 in. (32.7 cm) W. 4 1/2 in. (11.4 cm) Page: H. 12 7/8 in. (32.7 cm) W. 8 5/16 in. (21.1 cm) Matte: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Sanan accepts successive humiliations to join the one he loves, before their story leads to reciprocal conversion. The encounter transforms human love into a paradoxical path towards mystical knowledge.

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A bandit spares the life of a poor man, Anonymous Persian Workshop#60
Poetry and mystical stories 

A bandit spares a poor man's life

Date ca. 1600 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 7 3/4 in. (19.7 cm) W. 4 1/2 in. (11.4 cm) Page: H. 12 7/8 in. (32.7 cm) W. 4 1/2 in. (11.4 cm) Page: H. 12 7/8 in. (32.7 cm) W. 4 1/2 in. (11.4 cm) Page: H. 12 7/8 in. (32.7 cm) W. 8 5/16 in. (21.1 cm) Matte: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Faced with a man who has nothing, the bandit gives up killing him. Attâr makes this tiny gesture a spiritual step: the absence of wealth disarms violence and suddenly makes compassion possible.

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Joseph taken from the well, Anonymous Persian Workshop#61
Poetry and mystical stories 

Joseph taken from the well

Date second half 16th century Technique Opaque watercolor and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 8 in. (20.3 cm) W. 4 5/8 in. (11.7 cm) Page: H. 9 in. (22.9 cm) W. 5 3/8 in. (11.7 cm) Page: H. 9 in. (22.9 cm) W. 5 3/8 in. (11.7 cm) Page: H. 9 in. (22.9 cm) W. 5 3/8 in. (11.7 cm) Page: H. 9 in. (22.9 cm) W. 5 3/8 in. (11.7 cm) Page: in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Abandoned by his brothers, Joseph is discovered by a caravan and brought up from the well. The verticality of the rescue announces the reversal of his destiny, from the rejected child to the future interpreter of dreams.

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Joseph in front of the women of Cairo, Anonymous Persian Workshop#62
Poetry and mystical stories 

Joseph in front of the women of Cairo

Date second half 16th century Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format H. 8 11/16 in. (22.1 cm) W. 5 11/16 in. (14.5 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Dazzled by Joseph's beauty, the women of Cairo cut their fingers without realizing it. The miniature distributes surprise, pain and fascination around a figure whose presence suspends ordinary action.

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Zuleikha surrounded by her servants after her second dream, Anonymous Persian Workshop#63
Poetry and mystical stories 

Zuleikha surrounded by her servants after her second dream

Date 16th century Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 6 5/8 in. (16.8 cm) W. 5 in. (12.7 cm) Page: H. 9 5/8 in. (24.4 cm) W. 5 in. (12.7 cm) Page: H. 9 5/8 in. (24.4 cm) W. 5 3/4 in. (12.7 cm) Page: H. 9 5/8 in. (24.4 cm) W. 5 3/4 in. (12.7 cm) Page: H. 9 5/8 in. (24.4 cm) W. 5 3/4 (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

After dreaming of Joseph a second time, Zuleikha confides her trouble to her servants. The palace becomes the scene of a still invisible desire, carried by confidences, gestures and waiting.

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Joseph and Zuleikha reunited after Potiphar's death, Anonymous Persian Workshop#64
Poetry and mystical stories 

Joseph and Zuleikha reunited after Potiphar's death

Date 16th century Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 6 5/8 in. (16.8 cm) W. 5 1/8 in. (13 cm) Page: H. 9 9/16 in. (24.3 cm) W. 5 1/8 in. (13 cm) Page: H. 9 9/16 in. (24.3 cm) W. 5 1/8 in. (13 cm) Page: H. 9 9/16 in. (24.3 cm) W. 5 1/8 in. (13 cm) Page: H. 9 9/16 in. (24.3 cm) W. 5 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Aged and tested, Zuleikha finds Joseph after the death of her husband; the mystical story transforms their late union into a reward for purified fidelity. The image opposes human time to the permanence of desire.

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V
Sacred and chronic visions of the world

Ascension, healing, Shiite mourning, conquests of Tamerlane and universal stories bring together faith, political memory and historical imagination.

The Ascension of Muhammad on Bouraq, Anonymous Persian Workshop#65
Poetry and mystical stories 

The Ascension of Muhammad on Bouraq

Date second half 16th century Technique Opaque watercolor and gold on paper Original format H. 9 in. (22.9 cm) W. 5 1/4 in. (13.3 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Guided by the angel Gabriel, Muhammad crosses the heavens on the mount Bouraq. Clouds of flames, angels and colors make the night journey a climb through the degrees of the spiritual world.

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Muhammad restores health to sick child, Anonymous Persian Workshop#66
Sacred and chronic images 

Muhammad restores health to sick child

Date 1550s Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 23 1/16 in. (58.6 cm) W. 17in. (43.2cm) Matte: H. 28 in. (71.1 cm) W. 22 in. (55.9 cm) Frame: H. 30 1/2 in. (77.5 cm) W. 24 1/2 in. (62.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The Prophet leans towards a child whose miraculous presence restores to health. Designed for a book of auguries, the scene combines healing and hope: the image itself was to guide the reader's interpretation.

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The Coffin of Imam Ali, Anonymous Persian Workshop#67
Sacred and chronic images 

Imam Ali's Coffin

Date mid-1550s -early 1560s Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 22 5/16 in. (56.7 cm) W. 16 7/8 in. (42.8 cm) Matte: H. 28 in. (71.1 cm) W. 22 in. (55.9 cm) Frame: H. 30 1/2 in. (77.5 cm) W. 24 1/2 in. (62.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Ali's coffin is led to his burial site in a vision charged with mourning and sacredness. The bearers, the angels and the landscape give a cosmic dimension to the memory of the first Shiite imam.

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The Conquest of Baghdad by Tamerlane, Anonymous Persian Workshop#68
Safavid albums and figures 

The Conquest of Baghdad by Tamerlane

Date Dhu'l Hijja 839 AH/June-July 1436 CE Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format H. 11 3/8 in. (28.9 cm) W. 8 in. (20.3cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Tamerlane enters Baghdad at the end of a campaign that violently reorganizes the region. The urban view, the troops and the sovereign compose an official history where military victory becomes proof of legitimacy.

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Tamerlane before the battle, Anonymous Persian Workshop#69
Safavid albums and figures 

Tamerlane before the battle

Date 839 AH/1436 CE Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format H. 11 1/2 in. (29.2 cm) W. 8 in. (20.3 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Before the confrontation, Tamerlane receives leaders and advisors under a canopy. Painting favors preparation for the melee: order of ranks, circulation of messages and concentration of the sovereign make the organization of power visible.

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The Siege of Baghdad, Anonymous Persian Workshop#70
Safavid albums and figures 

The Siege of Baghdad

Date Dhu'l Hijja 839 AH/June-July 1436 CE Technique Watercolor opaque, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 13 1/8 in. (33.4 cm) W. 9 11/16 in. (24.6 cm) Measurements of text page with r: H. 9 5/16 in. (23.7 cm) W. 6 3/16 in. (15.7 cm) Measurements of miniature without: H. 7 13/16 in. (19.8 cm) W. 6 in. (15.2 cm) Measurements of miniature without: H. 7 13/16 in. (19.8 cm) W. 6 in. (15.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The fortifications of Baghdad structure the scene while fighters, archers and horsemen press the city. Architecture is not a background: it measures the difficulty of conquest and locks violence into a readable geometry.

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Adam makes a pilgrimage, Anonymous Persian Workshop#71
Sacred and chronic images 

Adam makes a pilgrimage

Date ca. 1425 Opaque watercolor technique and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 8 1/4 in. (21 cm) W. 10 1/2 in. (26.7 cm) Page: H. 16 7/8 in. (42.9 cm) W. 10 1/2 in. (26.7 cm) Page: H. 16 7/8 in. (42.9 cm) W. 13 1/4 in. (33.7 cm) W. 13 1/4 in. (26.7 cm) Page: H. 16 7/8 in. (42.9 cm) W. 13 1/4 in. (26. cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Adam advances towards a sacred place in a universal history that links biblical origins and Islamic memory. The pilgrimage transforms the first man into a model of the believer in movement, seeking repair and divine closeness.

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Throne scene from the Compendium of Stories, Anonymous Persian Workshop#72
Safavid albums and figures 

Throne scene from the Compendium of Stories

Date ca. 1425 Technique Opaque watercolor and gold on paper Original format H. 15 5/8 in. (39.7 cm) W. 12 1/2 in. (31.8 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

A sovereign sits at the center of an assembly drawn from a vast chronicle of the world. The hierarchy of figures and architecture make authority immediately readable, while placing the reign in a longer history.

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Amr throws the infidels into the sea, Anonymous Persian Workshop#73
Sacred and chronic images 

Amr throws the infidels into the sea

Date ca. 1476 -86 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format H. 15 11/16 in. (39.8 cm) W. 11 1/4 in. (28.6 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Khavarannama transposes the exploits of Ali and his companions into an epic register close to the Book of Kings. Here, Amr's victory takes a spectacular maritime form where religious narrative and heroic imagination merge.

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VI
The garden, the album and the Safavid figure

Festivals, equestrian exercises, portraits and nocturnal scenes gradually bring the painting out of the manuscript alone to give the figure an independent presence.

Entertainment in a garden, Anonymous Persian workshop#74
Nizami and the Persian novel 

Entertainment in a garden

Date second half 16th century Technique Opaque watercolor and gold on paper Original format Overall: H. 12 5/8 in. (32.1 cm) W. 7 1/8 in. (18.1 cm) Painting: H. 9 5/8 in. (24.4 cm) W. 7 1/8 in. (18.1 cm) Painting: H. 9 5/8 in. (24.4 cm) W. 7 1/8 in. (18.1 cm) Painting: H. 9 5/8 in. (24.4 cm) W. 7 1/8 in. (18.1 cm) Painting: H. 9 5/8 in. (24.4 cm cm) Dimensions of painting: 13 5/8 x 8 1/4in. (34.6 x 21cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Music, conversation and rest unfold in an enclosed garden, a terrestrial image of an ideal order. Trees, carpets and figures distribute the pleasures of the court without disrupting the meticulous balance of the composition.

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Horse Archery Skill Competition, Anonymous Persian Workshop#75
Safavid albums and figures 

Horse Archery Skill Competition

Date 1580 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 6 3/4 in. (17.1 cm) W. 4 9/16 in. (11.6 cm) Page: H. 10 1/2 in. (26.7 cm) W. 7 in. (17.8 cm) Mat: H. 10 1/2 in. (26.7 cm) W. 7 in. (17.8 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Horsemen shoot their arrows while running in front of an assembly. The stage brings together military training and aristocratic spectacle: the elegance of the movement proves both rank and warlike effectiveness.

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Party at court, Anonymous Persian workshop#76
Safavid albums and figures 

Party at court

Date 1580 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Painting: H. 9 in. (22.9 cm) W. 5 7/8 in. (14.9 cm) Page: H. 10 5/8 in. (27 cm) W. 6 1/2 in. (16.5 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Around the cuts, music and conversations, the court puts itself on stage. Painting orders collective pleasures through the color and rhythm of the figures, transforming conviviality into a political image of harmony.

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Portrait of a man by Reza Abbasi, Reza Abbasi#77
Safavid albums and figures 

Portrait of a man by Reza Abbasi

Date ca. 1600 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format H. 8 3/8 in. (21.3 cm) W. 5 1/4 in. (13.3 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Reza Abbasi isolates a man dressed soberly against an almost empty background. The supple line, attention to the hands and economy of decor move the Persian portrait from ceremony to individual observation.

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The Old Man and the Young Man, Reza Abbasi#78
Safavid albums and figures 

The Old Man and the Young Man

Date second quarter 17th century Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format H. 5 in. (12.7 cm) W. 2 1/8 in. (5.4 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Two ages of life are brought together in an image whose meaning remains deliberately open. Reza Abbasi contrasts faces, postures and clothing to make the relationship between experience and youth the real subject.

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Night meeting, Mohammad Zaman#79
Safavid albums and figures 

Night meeting

Date dated 1664 -65 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 13 1/8 in. (33.3 cm) W. 8 1/4 in. (21 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (21 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (21 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) 

Muhammad Zaman illuminates an assembly with light sources internal to the stage, an innovation nourished by contacts with European painting. The night gives depth, intimacy and theater to court sociability.

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Two old men chatting in front of a hut, Ali Qoli Jabbadar#80
Safavid albums and figures 

Two old men chatting in front of a hut

Date dated 1085 AH/1674 -75 CE Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 13 1/8 in. (33.3 cm) W. 8 1/4 in. (21 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 8 1/4 in. (21 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (21 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (21 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. ( 

Ali Qoli Jabbadar places two elderly men outside the palatial setting, in front of rustic architecture. Their quiet conversation, attentive to gestures and faces, broadens court painting towards a more everyday humanity.

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Portrait of Russian Ambassador Andrei Priklonsky, Ali Qoli Jabbadar#81
Safavid albums and figures 

Portrait of Russian Ambassador Andrei Priklonsky

Date dated 1048 AH/1673 -74 CE Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 13 1/8 in. (33.3 cm) W. 8 1/4 in. (21 cm) Painting with out border: H. 6 in. (15.2 cm) W. 4 in. (10.2 cm) Painting with brown frame border: H. 7 3/8 in. (18.7 cm) W. 5 3/8 in. (13.7 cm) Matte: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The presence of the Russian envoy at the Safavid court becomes a diplomatic document as much as a portrait. Costume, posture and landscape translate curiosity for foreigners into a Persian language already open to European models.

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Summer, Ali Qoli Jabbadar#82
Safavid albums and figures 

Summer

Date ca. 1660 -70 Opaque watercolor technique, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 13 1/8 in. (33.3 cm) W. 8 1/4 in. (21 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (21 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (21 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (21 cm) Mat: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) 

A female figure personifies summer within a series of seasons. The luminous landscape, clothing and attributes transform the passage of time into human presence, according to a formula renewed by exchanges with Europe.

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Portrait of a Persian Lady, Anonymous Persian Workshop#83
Safavid albums and figures 

Portrait of a Persian lady

Date dated 1149 AH/1736 -37 CE Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 13 1/8 in. (33.3 cm) W. 8 1/4in. (21cm) Mat: H. 19 in. (48.3 cm) W. 1/4in. (21cm) Matte: H. 19 in. (48.3 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Sitting three-quarters, the young woman asserts her presence through the costume, the look and the precision of the jewelry. The portrait combines court ideal and individual attention, at a time when Iranian painting absorbs European effects.

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The Prince Killing a Lion, Anonymous Persian Workshop#84
Safavid albums and figures 

The Prince killing a lion

Date 17th century Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Page: H. 13 1/8 in. (33.3 cm) W. 8 9/16 in. (21.7 cm) Painting: H. 7 7/8 in. (20 cm) W. 6 1/4 in. (15.9 cm) Matte: H. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm) W. 14 1/4 in. (36.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The prince confronts the lion in a compact image of dynastic courage. Victory over the animal is not just about hunting: it equates the sovereign with a force capable of protecting and dominating.

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Man in fur-lined coat, Reza Abbasi#85
Safavid albums and figures 

Man in fur-lined coat

Date ca. 1600 Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format H. 5 3/8 in. (13.6 cm) W. 2 1/2 in. (6.4 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The model turns the body slightly and lets the coat define its silhouette. Reza Abbasi makes the texture of the fur, the reserve of the gesture and the finesse of the contour the signs of an elegance without superfluous decoration.

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Bird study, Reza Abbasi#86
Safavid albums and figures 

Bird study

Date dated 1043 AH/1634 CE Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Overall: H. 4 1/4 in. (10.8 cm) W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4 cm) Painting: H.3 7/8 in. (9.8 cm) W. 7 1/4 in. (18.4 cm) Painting: H.3 7/8 in. (9.8 cm) W. 6 7/8 in. (17.5 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Reza Abbasi observes the bird posed with a precision that goes beyond ornament. Plumage, body balance and thin branch reveal how Persian painting could make a natural pattern a complete, attentive and silent subject.

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Mythical creatures gathered around a lotus leaf, Mo'in Mossaver#87
Safavid albums and figures 

Mythical creatures gathered around a lotus leaf

Date dated Shawwal 1088 AH/1677 CE Watercolor and ink technique on paper Original Folio format: H. 15 1/2 in. (39.4 cm) W. 10 3/4 in. (27.3 cm) Drawing: H. 10 1/4 in. (26 cm) W. 6 3/4 in. (27.3 cm) Drawing: H. 10 1/4 in. (26 cm) W. 6 3/4 in. (26 cm) W. 6 3/4 in. (17.1 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Mu'in Musavvir brings together hybrid beings around an excessive lotus, like an assembly from a parallel world. Zoological fantasy is coupled with a circular composition where each creature participates in the same strange balance.

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VII
The Qajar portrait and monumental painting

Dignitaries, princes, dancers and palace figures show how 19th-century Iran combines Persian precision, oil on canvas and a new image of the state.

Portrait of Mirza Mohammad Ebrahim Khan Saham ol-Molk, Abu'l Hasan Ghaffari, known as Sani ol-Molk#88
Sacred and chronic images 

Portrait of Mirza Mohammad Ebrahim Khan Saham ol-Molk

Date ca. 1856 -57 Watercolor technique on paper Original format H. 12 1/4 in. (31.1 cm) W. 6 3/4 in. (17.1 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Sani ol-Molk stares at the Qajar dignitary with almost photographic attention to the face, decorations and clothing. The portrait puts the meticulousness of the miniature at the service of a new administrative representation of power.

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Portrait of Prince Naser al-Din Mirza, Aqa Bozorg Shirazi#89
Qajar painting 

Portrait of Prince Naser al-Din Mirza

Date 1840's Watercolor technique on paper Original format H. 13 1/2 in. (34.3 cm) W. 9 in. (22.9 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Before his accession to the throne, Naser al-Din Mirza appeared as a military heir, surrounded by insignia and dressed in a carefully described uniform. The portrait builds future authority through mastery of costume and pose.

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Portrait of Ali Qoli Mirza, Etezad ol-Saltaneh, Abu'l Hasan Ghaffari, known as Sani ol-Molk#90
Qajar painting 

Portrait of Ali Qoli Mirza, Etezad ol-Saltaneh

Date dated 1273 AH/1856 -57 CE Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format H. 12 5/8 in. (32 cm) W. 8 1/4 in. (21 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Prince, scholar and head of education, Ali Qoli Mirza is presented in language that combines Qajar rank and intellectual identity. Sani ol-Molk balances documentary precision and contained dignity.

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Portrait of a statesman, Yahya Ghaffari#91
Qajar painting 

Portrait of a statesman

Date dated 1294 AH/1877 CE Opaque watercolor technique, ink on paper Original format Codice: H. 11 in (27.9 cm) W. 7 3/16 in. (18.3 cm) Leaf: H. 18 11/16 in. (47.5 cm) W. 7 3/16 in. (18.3 cm) Leaf: H. 18 11/16 in. (47.5 cm) W. 7 3/16 in. (18.3 cm) Leaf: H. 18 11/16 in. (47.5 cm) W. 13 5/8 in. (18.3 cm) Leaf: H. (57.5 cm) W. 18 7/8 in. (47.9 cm) D. 7/8 in. (2.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The frontality, beard, decorations and sobriety of the background give the model the authority of a public function. Yahya Ghaffari adapts the meticulous tradition of Persian portraiture to the political codes of the late 19th century.

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Portrait of Mirza Ali Asghar Khan, Ismaïl Jalayir#92
Qajar painting 

Portrait of Mirza Ali Asghar Khan

Date ca. 1880 Opaque watercolor technique on paper Original format Painting: H. 26 3/16 in. (66.5 cm) W. 20 1/8 in. (51.1 cm) With Frame: H. 34 1/4 in. (87 cm) W. 27 5/8 in. (51.1 cm) With Frame: H. 34 1/4 in. (87 cm) W. 27 5/8 in. (51.1 cm) With Frame: H. 34 1/4 in. (87 cm) W. 27 5/8 in. (51.1 cm) With Frame: H. 34 1/4 in. (8 

Ismaïl Jalayir represents one of the future strong men of the Qajar court in a setting saturated with signs. The controlled accumulation of ornaments, weapons and biographical details transforms the portrait into a career manifesto.

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Portrait of a young prince, Anonymous Persian workshop#93
Qajar painting 

Portrait of a young prince

Date ca. 1820 Technique Oil on canvas Original format H. 47 3/16 in. (119.9 cm) W. 31 1/2 in. (80 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The Qajar prince stands out on a large format canvas, dressed in a costume designed to make visible rank, wealth and youth. The oil allows for more carnal volumes than the miniature while retaining ceremonial frontality.

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Prince with the Falcon, Anonymous Persian Workshop#94
Qajar painting 

Prince of the Falcon

Date ca 1820 Technique Oil on canvas Original format H. 75 3/16 in. (191 cm) W. 29 1/2 in. (74.9 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The falcon placed on the hand connects the prince to the ancient royal iconography of hunting. The oil on canvas, the modeling of the face and the monumental format, however, inscribe this image in the Qajar modernization of the portrait.

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Queen and prince surrounded by musicians, Anonymous Persian workshop#95
Qajar painting 

Queen and prince surrounded by musicians

Date early 19th century Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format Overall: H. 8 3/4 in. (22.2 cm) W. 9 5/16 in. (23.7 cm) Image: H. 6 1/2 in. (16.5 cm) W. 7 1/8 in. (23.7 cm) Image: H. 6 1/2 in. (16.5 cm) W. 7 1/8 in. (23.7 cm) Image: H. 6 1/2 in. (16.5 cm) W. 7 1/8 in. (23.7 cm) Image: H. 6 1/2 in. (16.5 cm) W. 

A sovereign and a young prince occupy the center of a musical assembly. The stage links dynastic transmission and court pleasure: the musicians make visible the harmony that those in power wish to project.

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Dancer, Anonymous Persian Workshop#96
Qajar painting 

Dancer

Date early 19th century Technique Oil and gold on canvas Original format H. 41 5/16 in. (105 cm) W. 27 7/8 in. (70.8 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The Qajar dancer poses in an almost theatrical space, dressed in carefully detailed fabrics and jewelry. Oil and gold give court entertainment a monumental presence, directly addressed to the viewer.

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Young man holding a cup, Anonymous Persian workshop#97
Qajar painting 

Young man holding a cup

Date early 19th century Technique Oil on canvas Original format H. 31 1/2 in. (80 cm) W. 21 3/4 in. (55.2 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The young man presents his cut as an attribute of conviviality, poetry and refinement. The large oil format amplifies a familiar motif from Persian albums and transforms it into an autonomous figure intended for the palace.

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Woman holding a fruit, Anonymous Persian workshop#98
Qajar painting 

Woman holding fruit

Date mid-17th century Technique Painting on coating Original format H. 24 1/8 in. (61.3 cm) W. 10 5/8 in. (27 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

This Safavid mural once isolated a female figure within an architectural setting. Fruit, posture and clothing suggest abundance; the plaster surface reminds us that Persian painting also occupied the walls.

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Woman with a vase of lilies, Anonymous Persian workshop#99
Qajar painting 

Woman with a vase of lilies

Date second half 16th century Technique Opaque watercolor and gold on paper Original format H. 12 7/8 in. (32.7 cm) W. 8 5/8 in. (21.9 cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

The woman holds a vase whose lilies vertically extend her silhouette. The painter balances figure and floral motif, transforming a gesture of presentation into a study of grace, rhythm and sartorial elegance.

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Woman applying henna, Anonymous Persian workshop#100
Qajar painting 

Woman applying henna

Late date 16th century Technique Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper Original format H. 14 7/16 (36.7 cm) W. 9 in. (22.9cm) Collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 

Sitting in a small space, the woman performs a gesture of body care rarely treated as the main subject. The miniature observes everyday intimacy without heroic narration and makes the movement of the hands the center of the image.

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Frequently asked questions

Questions about Persian and Iranian painting

References to distinguish terms, understand the miniature, situate the Book of Kings and follow the transition from Safavid workshops to Qajar portraiture.

What is the difference between Persian painting and Iranian painting?

Persian painting mainly designates a historical, literary and visual tradition developed in the Persian cultural space. Iranian painting is a broader geographical and modern term. The two expressions often overlap, but they are not strictly synonymous.

Is a Persian miniature really a painting?

Yes. The works on paper in this route are painted in opaque watercolor, often supplemented with ink, gold or silver. No drawings, prints or photographs appear in the selection.

Why does Shâhnâmeh occupy such an important place?

Ferdowsi's Book of Kings brings together Iran's mythical and heroic history. Its conflicts, its sovereigns and its moral dilemmas have given painters an exceptional repertoire, renewed from one manuscript to another for several centuries.

Who is Reza Abbasi?

Active in Isfahan around 1600, Reza Abbasi is one of the masters of Safavid painting. His isolated figures, his flexible lines and his attention to gestures have profoundly renewed the art of the album sheet.

What is Qajar painting?

It developed under the Qajar dynasty, from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. It combines Persian traditions, court portraits, large formats and effects borrowed from European painting and photography.

Where do the works and images come from?

The hundred works belong to the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and their images are distributed by the museum's Open Access program. Each painting now has an Alpha Reproduction page accessible from the article.

Are the hundred works offered for reproduction?

Yes. Each image and button opens the Alpha Reproduction page created for the corresponding painting. Reproductions are made by hand and adapted to the proportions of the original work.

Six centuries of transformations

From the legendary hero to the political face

These hundred paintings show a tradition capable of changing scale, support and function without losing its taste for line, color and story. The page, the album, the wall and the canvas successively become places of the same visual intelligence.

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